Literature

• Boldingh, I. 1909. The flora of the Dutch West Indian Islands St. Eustatius, Saba and St. Martin. 321 pp. E.j. Brill., Leiden.
• Debrot, A.O., Freitas, J.A. de 1999. Avifaunal and botanical survey of the Jan Thiel Lagoon Conservation Area, Curaçao. 28. Carmabi Foundation.
• Mori, S.A., Gracie, C.A. 2007. Flowering Plants. Plants and Lichens of Saba Virtual Herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden. [link]
• Proosdij, A.S.J. van 2012. Arnoldo's Zakflora: Wat in het wild groeit en bloeit op Aruba, Bonaire en Curaçao. 318 pp. Walburg Pers, Zutphen.
• Rojer, A. 1997. Biological Inventory of Saba. 87 pp. CARMABI Foundation, Curaçao.
• Rojer, A. 1997. Biological inventory of St. Maarten. 102 pp. CARMABI Foundation, Curaçao.
• Sneep, J.W., Roon, A.C. de 1984. Euphorbiaceae. Flora of the Netherlands Antilles 3: 231-285.
• The Plant List 2013. The Plant List version 1.1. [link]
• WCSP 2017. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [link]

Literature references linked to higher taxa

• Encyclopedia of Life. [link] (Euphorbiaceae)