Literature

• Howard, R.A. 1989. Dicotyledoneae - Part 2. In: Flora of the Lesser Antilles, Leeward and Windward Islands. 5: 604. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.
• The Plant List 2013. The Plant List version 1.1. [link]

Literature references linked to higher taxa

• Encyclopedia of Life. [link] (Cactaceae)